Whiplash
What is whiplash?
The term whiplash has given rise to many descriptions that differ considerably from one another. Because so many different definitions exist, the Quebec Task Force on Whiplash-Associated Disorders (QTF-WAD) proposed a universal definition:
Whiplash is an acceleration-deceleration mechanism of energy transfer to the neck. It may result from rear-end or side-impact motor-vehicle collisions, but can also occur during diving or other mishaps. The impact may result in bony or soft-tissue injuries (whiplash injury), which in turn may lead to a variety of clinical manifestations (whiplash-associated disorders).
(QTF-WAD, Spitzer et al, 1995)
Whiplash is often used in everyday language to describe neck, back and shoulder complaints resulting from car accidents. Strictly speaking, though, this isn't quite accurate: the same type of injury can also occur when a calf muscle, or any other hinge-like part of the body, is suddenly wrenched. In that case too, joints can be jarred, ligaments overstretched and/or muscle fibres damaged.
In short, the term whiplash is generally used for the complaints that can arise after the head makes a sudden, forceful movement – whether forwards and backwards or the other way round, and, importantly, sideways movements should not be overlooked either.